Classical And Scientific Schools Of Management Theory Essay - 26

Classical And Scientific Schools Of Management Theory - Essay Example The top management agrees on the objectives, and the strategies and tactics, to achieve the goals they set for the enterprise they lead, by employing a large workforce to produce the goods, and provide the services for consumers the world over. Management theory with the concern for how to get the most out of front-line workers in industrial and commercial concerns became very much a twentieth-century phenomenon. Earlier, following the industrial revolution, large concentrations of workers were needed in mills and factories to mass produce goods which replaced agricultural and craftwork hitherto produced in the small rural family or communal units. In those days the managers were authoritarian and tyrannical when slave labor or indentured labor including child labor at starvation wages could be deployed at the behest of the ruling, the capitalist class. The world has changed since, and owners of capital can no longer treat labor as a disposable commodity. Trade Unions, Communism, and universal education along with worldwide markets meant that the old methods of almost forced, the repetitive back-breaking labor of the ‘dark satanic mills’ could no longer be sustained. New disciplines like economics, psychology, and sociology sprang up. These social sciences were called upon to build theories of management and organizational behavior that would explain and help understand the dynamics of an ever more sophisticated and demanding workforce. Early theories of management exemplified by the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911) had been described colloquially as the ‘carrot and stick’ approach. Taylor coined the term ‘scientific management’ for his theory which was later simply referred to as ‘Taylorism’. He sought to break down tasks to their simplest elements so that an assembly line robot could perform them without any need for thinking.

Macro O Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro O - Assignment Example The impressive employment and inflation figures in Germany may be attributed to sound economic policies that the country has held over the years. For instance, by reducing public spending and ensuring high standards of accountability in the government’s system, Germany was able to withstand the turbulent effects of the European debt crisis that affected some European countries, though the debt crises affected other Eurozone members leading to the current inflation rate in Germany. The country has the Euro as its main currency though undervalued compared to Deutschmark’s real value. Moreover, Germany is one of the countries that have managed to raise the working hour flexibility and reduction in structural unemployment. These factors have been critical in sustaining Germany’s economy, leading to a sound job market that translates in a low unemployment rate. Strong fiscal policies in public spending and deficit cuts have led Germany to reduce its debt burdens, a si gnificant step towards controlling its inflation rates. However, Germany’s unemployment rate may be blamed on its transition system of education that holds many youths in vocational schools, which hardly translate to real job opportunities. Such transition schools do not offer skills that are relevant in the market, with graduates from these centres failing to secure jobs. One way to reduce the unemployment rate is to deal with policies that would encourage Foreign Direct investments, FDIs. Currently, FDI in Germany stands at $40.4 billion (Heritage Foundation, 2013). This is not enough for a country with a sound economy and better export terms than its Eurozone members are. By attracting FDIs, more economic activities will spur across the country, suggesting more employment and reduced inflation rates. 2. German fiscal policies are designed with a view to reduce unemployment levels and prevent any recessionary forces in the economy. For instance, in 2010, the government had to cut more than 14 million euros in taxes; in 2011, the government agreed to cut another 24 million in income taxes (Stifftung, 2013). The benefit of tax cuts as a fiscal policy in Germany was that the government managed to close a significant recession gap. The result was stimulated economic growth through encouraged consumption. Furthermore, the economy had a better chance to readjust while the government concentrates more in job creation. This explains why Germany has a stable economy considering the low taxation and increased employment opportunities. However, the disadvantage was that the government through these tax cuts reduced its budgetary allocations to important sectors in the development of the country. The country could have funded social development projects with the huge amounts of taxes forfeited in tax cuts. The European Central Bank is mainly responsible for Germany’s monetary policies (Stifftung, 2013). When the bank raises interest rates to curb rising in flation rates, the result is a change in the cost of living considering commodities will have unstable prices as a response to the interest rates increase. Most Germans would have to save rather than spend, faced increased costs of borrowing that hampered developments and higher interests rates for government debts. The increase would have a negative effect on both the government and Germans in general and may have slowed down development. However, such an increase in interest rates

Of Mice and Men Chapter 2 Analysis Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Chapter 2 Analysis Essay The purpose of my essay is to look at how Slim is presented as a threat to George and Lennie later on in the novel Of Mice and Men. The first time that we meet Slim in the novel is on page 34. Steinbeck goes into a very detailed description of him, describing him in a beautiful manner, and then the first thing that we hear from Slim is Brightern a bitch outside. All throughout the novel, George has been telling Lennie not to trust anyone, dont talk to anybody, you cant trust them. Yet when George first meets Slim, there very first conversation is a philosophical one. They talk about traveling, and more specifically traveling together. George says its nicer to travel with a friend, which could foreshadow a vulnerability on his part. George is already trusting Slim too much, he has only just met him, he shouldnt be so trusting of Slim. Even though Slim seems to be a gentle and kind person, George has just met him and should not be so trusting. George is beginning to contradict himself and what he told Lennie, not only by being so trusting of Slim, but he told Slim that he was his friend. Yet he told the boss that Lennie was his friend. This essay has looked at how Slim can possibly present a threat to George and Lennie in the novel.

Culture Conflict In Canada

Culture Conflict In Canada Culture is defined as, a particular society at a particular time and place. This definition describes that cultures in various locations and during different time periods are unique, and cannot be duplicated. In a multicultural nation, such as Canada, there are various cultures with different views, beliefs and opinions that have been brought by the new immigrants and shared within their ethnic communities, as well as their families. At times these cultures and views can clash, and result in one interpretation of what is believed to be right to override the other. This is when the relation of the concept of culture relating to crime can be made. At times what may seem to be viewed as normal or non deviant within one culture can be deemed illegal and unlawful by another culture. This however becomes a culture shock when people of various subcultures are forced to abide to the culture of the metro poles they live in. This concept of culture relating to multiculturalism can relate to cu lture of conflict theory, the subculture theory and the differential association theory. It is not only within ethnic groups that cultural conflicts exist, but also within subcultural groups that are within a larger context of society. The concept of culture invoking crimes is substantially based upon the fact that subcultures clash because their culture is under the interpretation that their values, beliefs and judgements are opposite to what they believed should be deemed criminal. The result of crime within various cultures, are caused by the differential values of various cultures, the lack of education and adaptation of Canadian culture in the multicultural metro poles, and the opportunities that exist in order to prevent crime. Culture conflict theory states that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between differently socialized groups over what is acceptable of proper behaviour. For example, for some, protesting for ones rights and freedoms by blocking a road is deemed illegal from the place of origin they immigrated from, therefore when viewing Canadian citizens continually protesting on the roads may cause them to believe that the individuals committing these acts are criminals. Canada being a multicultural nation, harbours many different cultures that may in fact not be used to the behaviour and cultural views of the greater Canadian society in which they belong in. This often is due to the conduct norm defined by Sellin as, the shared expectation of a social group relative to conduct. This expectation of what is considered to be normal and deviant are socially created by the broader society and forced upon individuals to follow. Canada for example has progressed greatly from a conservative society, to a very liberal and free democratic society. Many things have changed with regards to conventions and law in Canadian society; such changes arent so readily accepted by older generations or various cultures, nor are they easily adapted to. This results in crimes being committed by people that arent actually aware of committing an illegal action. This explains Sellins point that crime is nothing more than that an argument is that of what is deemed to be right or wrong. Selling also pointed out that there were two types of cultures in conflict, they were primary and secondary conflict which also led to the clash of cultures and the result of crime. Primary conflict is described as that in which there is, a fundamental clash of cultures that occurs.An example that is very common in contemporary society is the idea of honour killings by parents. Honour killings are committed usually to daughters by parents or older siblings because the behaviour of the child is believed to have brought shame to the family. On June 16th 2010, a father and son were sentenced to life in prison after pleading guilty for the murder of Aqsa Parvez, a 16-year-old girl of Pakistani descent who wanted to wear western clothes and get a part-time job like her Canadian peers. Although this example seems to be drastic, it is believed by the individuals that commit these crimes that this is completely normal behaviour that has been practiced in their native lands. This example shows that what may have been deemed illegal and murder by Canadian culture was not the case from where these two individuals came from. The individuals in this case were not aware that they had committed something wrong, because based on their culture it is their responsibility to uphold the family name and do whatever it takes to protect it. The question then remains if this should actually be considered a crime because the person who committed it came from a different culture which did not hold the same views. Or would it be the responsibility of each individual residing in Canada to adapt and learn the conduct norms and completely forget about their values and beliefs. In this primary example, it can be made clear that since Canada is home to many immigrants, a crime like this may occur again because of the lack of knowledge of what is considered to be right and wrong in a new culture. Although this act may be considered to be unexplainable to many parents as well as citizens it is clear that many citizens still carry on their culture of their homelands, crimes such as these are bound to continue to flourish in a multicultural society. Secondary conflict is described by Sellin to be that of which when smaller cultures within the primary cultures clash. An example of secondary conflict is the smaller cultures of drug dealers, prostitutes and gamblers that are regarded as clashing with the middle class and upper class values of society. For example for the middle class, making a decent wage through legal means is a way of life and what is considered to be what is considered right, however for those individuals that participate in drug dealing and prostitution it is also seen as their way of life. Therefore when laws are created by the middle class and upper class citizens they are created in a way in which clashes with the way of life of the low class citizens who commit these crimes as a way of earning money and living. Therefore, this crime that is socially constructed by the higher class results in the only way of life the lower class citizens have being deemed as criminalized activity. These crimes rates continue to flourish because these individuals way of life has been criminalized by the upper class. Until a new form of opportunity is granted for these individuals they will continue to maintain their deviant ways of life. Thus, this secondary conflict will only disappear when the economically marginalized are able to adapt to the cultural norms of the middle and upper class. Subcultures are defined as a collection of values and preferences that is communicated to sub cultural participants through a process of socialization. Therefore, this statement is reiterating that it is through interacting with a subculture that one learns how he or she is to act and what he or she is to believe in. This interconnects with subculture theory which is, a sociological perspective that emphasizes the contribution made by various socialized cultural groups to the phenomenon of crime For example, street gangs continually function in a sub cultural level where they have their own set of values, beliefs and roles that may not necessarily adapt to the Canadian laws of society, however due to socializations that have made them a member of the group they do not see themselves committing crimes. For example, there are violent subcultures that Ferracuti and Wolfgang describe as individuals learning from being constantly exposed to violent practices as a means of problem solving. This is done by these individuals because violence is seen as a better precaution than other forms of adaptation. Therefore when charging a gang member for brutally attacking another gang member, one has to realize that within the subcultures of these individuals and their gangs what they are doing is only what they have learned to do in response to what has been taught to them. Therefore the question then comes into question of whether the subcultures of these gangs are the reasons why the crime rate is considered so high, and if so what can be done to change the mentalities of these subcultures to adapt to a more acceptable approach. Many of these subcultures committing crime has been a direct result of the differential opportunity provided to each of these individuals. For example, there are two different opportunity for those individuals that fall into the lower class for a pathway to success, one is measured through legitimate means and the other illegitimate means. Examples of legitimate means are obtaining a job and making an honest living, while illegitimate means are selling drugs, prostituting etc. The reason why most lower class individuals chose illegitimate means over legitimate opportunity is because these measures are readily available. These jobs and opportunities that the lower class have to do in order to survive are always disapproved by society, which results in these individuals committing crimes. These so called delinquents are defined as individuals whose behaviours violate basic norms of society and those whose crimes once known by the police get them involved in the criminal justice system. It is described that deviance is just as much an adjustment to conform as is deviance to conform to expectations. What this statement means is that each of these individuals are trying their best to adapt to a society in which everything they do is being considered a crime, therefore at the most they are trying to adapt as much as they can to the expectations and norms of the middle class which do not include the lower class. There are three delinquent subcultures that are pointed out which are criminal subcultures, conflict subcultures and retreatist subcultures. Criminal subcultures are ones in which criminal role models are available for imitation by those just entering the subculture. For example, gang leaders that own a gun and have been inside jail are mentoring these new recruit into their subculture and teaching them all that they may know. Conflict subcultures are when participants try to seek status through violence. This could be a scenario where a gang member is trying to earn the trust of his elder gang member, therefore he commits a few crimes to prove that he is worthy of their trust, somewhat like an initiation process. Another subculture is the retreatist subculture where drug use and withdrawal from society dominate. This for example is one of those high drug trafficking cases where the individual is always under the influence of an illegal substance, and prefers to not be in the public eye so he or she will not get caught. Through these various subcultures, one can see that these are still common in our contemporary society, and are continuing to add crime to our statistics. Conflict culture, subcultures and differential association theory all underlie the reasons why there is a constant issue with crime in the multicultural metro poles. Individuals are unable to break free of their own cultural barriers, and adapt to Canadian cultural barriers that are frankly different and built upon social norms. What one would consider normal in his birthplace may be deemed a crime in Canadian society which is why the cultural conflicts continue to create more crime within Canada. It is not only the cultural conflict, but the processes and structure of subcultures that also deviate in exceptional amounts of crime being committed that is not deemed by the wrong doers to be criminal. One can uncover the fact that aside from the cultural conflicts, these individuals are put in this pathway because only illegitimate means of survival are provided toward for them. This society is built upon socialization of upper class views, morals and beliefs which results in the middle class and lower class being swept under a rug and continuously charged with crimes that they may consider a way of living. The only way in which we are to break free of this cultural crime being committed is by educating the general public about the importance of adaptation of Canadian laws, creating programs for those individuals in dangerous subcultures and allowing all classes to create the conduct of the norms. .

Workplace Violence :: essays research papers

A summary paper for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of the Pacific Union College Degree Completion Program leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal Justice Administration. Napa Valley College November, 1999 INTRODUCTION Preface This paper is intended to explore the issues of violence in the workplace. It does not recommend a specific course of action or purport to address all of the issues associated with the problem. It is my desire to examine particular elements of workplace violence with the idea that I may author a policy for my employer. Background Crime continues to be a controversial topic in American society. Debate regarding the cause of crime may be found in the media on any given day. What to do about crime is also the topic of much discussion. 5.5 million people were on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole at year’s end 1996. (U. S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.) Many changes have taken place within the Department of Corrections in California during the 1990s. Most significantly, dwindling financial recourses have reshaped the priorities of the department. It cost $21,470 a year to house an inmate in a California state prison. (Inmate Costs, 1997-1998 p.1 Corrections: Public Safety, Public Service). There are currently about 161,033 inmates in California Prisons. Since staffing levels must remain more or less constant, it is inmate programs that suffer from lack of funding. Criminals sentenced to prison are under the custody of the Department of Corrections. In addition to fiscal pressure, the department is subject to political pressure at all levels. Public reaction to crime is responsible for the denial of weight yard and other recreational activities; â€Å"Three Strikes†, and the loss of conjugal visits. All place varying levels of stress upon inmates and staff. Nature of the Problem Violence is universally recognized as a pervasive part of contemporary American society and of our Nation’s past as well. Many of the attempts to understand the phenomenon have been made in response to specific situations, such as the lawlessness of the prohibition era, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and the urban riots of the mid 1960’s. (Roth) I work for the California Department of Corrections. I am on a two-year assignment as the Employee Relations Officer. Many people understand the title to mean that I am to be an employee advocate. I am, but not for that reason.

Essay --

John Berger notes that, ‘original paintings are silent and still in a sense that information never is’. This observation is not different in the case of Vincent Van Gogh's Cafe Terrace at Night (1888). While visiting a museum, I stumbled across this painting, one of Vincent Van Gogh’s great works. My next move was to engage with the painting, with the aim of understanding critical information in relation to its meaning, significance and importance in both the traditional and modern context (Whitney et al, 360). This is to ensure that we learn more about the eye-catching paintings hanging on the walls of museums. In addition, this approach is vital in understanding both the literal and hidden meaning of such a painting, as intended by the artist. The name of the picture speaks volumes in relation to its context and setting; it is a night scene. From a literal perspective, the picture shows a large establishment where people from the region can enjoy their coffee by night. On the other hand, the picture also focuses on the expression of an important meaning in accordance with the intention and the aim of the painter in its composition. For instance, Van Gogh focuses on expressing a beautiful event aided by the stars and the bright sky. In addition, the painting integrates bright colors to express a peaceful encounter during a bright night (Brower 200). Firstly, I thought it would be satisfying to understand specific data in relation to the development of this painting. I asked myself; â€Å"When was this picture made?† Vincent Van Gogh’s the Cafà © Terrace, at Night 1888, was painted between the 9th and the 16th of September 1888. The next key question was the location. I learnt that the picture was painted in Arles. According to an obse... ...to different generations in the history of Arles (Punt et al, 228). In the 21st century, the painting still has a great meaning to the people of Arles. This indicates that the painting expresses a cultural relevance to the people of Arles in a similar manner to that which they felt in the 19th century. This attachment is valuable in enhancing my interaction with the painting. Analysis indicates that the painting has diverse meanings in relation to the type of interaction an individual has with the picture. The picture is never silent once you ask relevant questions such as its meaning, intention, and significance to the artist and the target audience. Moreover, the picture could be of meaning and relevance to individuals from different generations or centuries. This is because the painting has captured and exhibited a beautiful scene (The Drawings of Van Gogh 12).

Positive and Negative emotions Essay

  There are a few benefits associated with experiencing a positive emotion theory. Typically, when you are having a positive emotion you see things on the up side rather than a negative outlook. For instance, people always feel good or continue to think positive if they are getting good grades in school. I, myself is very eager to sustain a positive emotion when my grades are above average and I am getting positive feedback from the instructor saying that I am on a great path in that class. This emotion will help promote a positive well-being. Another benefit associated with experiencing positive emotion is positive effect. With this warrants joy, happiness, and positive fulfillment. These emotions create a desire to search for new possibilities as well expressing your creative talents. Me personally, women are more emotional creatures. We sometimes can get in our feeling, rather the emotion is positive or negative. We are sensitive, shy, and reluctant at times, versus men who tend to keep their emotions in check. I feel men are the lessor emotionally engaging of the two. Most of the time men are more positive about certain situation unlike women, we can find negativity in a plain paper bag. When comes to the raising of children, men are more apt to being positive. I say that because I can be all up in my emotions dealing with our son and my husband (almost with a blank stare on his face) will say he is a boy let him get bumps and bruises that will toughen him up. Despite what he says I am still a nervous wreck when may fall or hurt himself. So, I think there is a big gap in how men and women differ in negative emotions.